The paper is devoted to examining Stanley and Williamson’s well-known and disputed argument in favor of intellectualism about knowledge-how. In the first section, I will give an overview of the LINGUISTIC argument. The gist of the argument is that knowledge-how is a kind of knowledge-that because ascriptions of knowledge-how entail ascriptions of knowledge-that. Section 2 will focus on cross-LINGUISTIC data that Stanley and Williamson’s opponents employ to challenge their argument. In particular, I will take a look at ascriptions of practical knowledge in various languages such as French, Latin, Greek, German, Turkish, and Russian. As critics have shown, the ascriptions of practical knowledge in these languages are inconsistent with Stanley and Williamson’s syntactic and semantic ANALYSIS of ascriptions of knowledge-how in English. In section 3, I will examine Stanley and Williamson’s argument based on the ascriptions of practical knowledge in Persian. In light of this ANALYSIS, it will be clear that, despite appearances to the contrary, the data from Persian is fully consistent with Stanley and Williamson’s argument. Another conclusion which can be drawn from the ANALYSIS is the tentative suggestion that there is a methodological gap in the literature on cross-LINGUISTIC data in this debate. In particular, the debate has focused on the synchronic ANALYSIS and widely ignored the diachronic method of examination and explanation

Absenteeism or backbiting is a social phenomenon as it involves the abuse of unequal conditions in interactions; it is a Cognitive phenomenon as it involves the interference with the process of understanding and mind control. And a discursive phenomenon as the language is the field of its representation. In this research we present discursal analyses of this phenomenon through “ move analyses” and exhibit the pattern(s) of text order according to Biber, Connor & Upton (2007) and Sasani and Yazdani (1392). For this purpose 16 case of backbiting being occurred during larger verbal events were analyzed. We also show how backbiter uses manipulation strategy to interfere with the hearer cognition so to achieve his goal. Move analyses shows that backbiting consists of 6 main moves each of which has its own strategies.

The careful selection and proper use of lexical elements is the distinguishing feature of the Holy Quran. These elements are classified as subsets of semiotics and each of them play their role within the context of a Surah and topics that it covers. For example In Luqman surah topics such as monotheism, polytheism, atheism, prayer and the Day of Resurrection are discussed by different methods such as interrogative, vocative, elimination, citation, repetition etc. In this article this surah is reviewed according to the artistic and stylistic LINGUISTICs methods which are considered as subjects of LINGUISTICs. At first the semantic value and semiotic dimensions and the composition and expression as well as aesthetic value and the level of literary influence has been studied. Furthermore a literary style has been studied that despite violating the LINGUISTIC principles it has its own language coherence and grammatical syntax mechanism. The result of this study shows that the letters extensively fit with conceptual and diacritical context of the surah and demonstrates the audial value of this Qur'anic text.

Poetry is a form of artistic expression that utilizes language to convey thoughts and imagination. The Holy Defense poetry, in addition to its unique content, exhibits novel manifestations of the Persian language. This article aimed to explore and analyze the language characteristics of the Holy Defense poetry through a descriptive-analytical approach by utilizing library sources. The findings revealed that the language employed in these poems was typically simple, direct, and uncomplicated with composition being a prominent LINGUISTIC feature. The Holy Defense poets drew upon a rich repertoire of religious-revolutionary words, as well as war-related terminology that resonated with the audience. Furthermore, there was a noticeable inclination towards ancient forms and epic expressions, resulting in the incorporation of numerous words and terms from the Persian poetry tradition. Additionally, the natural use of colloquial words and expressions served as another LINGUISTIC characteristic in some Holy Defense poems.

Euphemism in Persian is a less studied topic, which seems to deserve more attention. The present article aims to study the mechanisms, both LINGUISTIC and cognitive, used to produce euphemism in Persian, and also to suggest a classification for them. Euphemism is a powerful conversational tool used to enhance politeness and preserve the public self-image of the participants in communicative exchanges, hence, facilitating a harmonious interpersonal relationship. In Persian, most of the euphemistic expressions are associated with death, sexual relations, bodily effluvia, advertising, disability, insults, body parts, mental illness, drugs and business. In this language, there are three main ways in which euphemisms may be constructed: 1) phonemic modification, 2) loan words, and 3) semantic devices. Thus, we have the following classification of the main devices for constructing euphemism in Persian: reduplication, omission, loan words, implication, metaphor, metonymy, reversal, understatement, overstatement, circumlocution, litotes, fuzzy words, semantic widening, and deictic expressions.

This article provides and examines empirical data from different languages showing that long A-movement of the subject of the embedded finite clause to the subject position of the main clause is indeed possible in many languages of the world. However all kinds of raising out of finte clause are not the same and have obvious differences from each other. In present article we introduce and acoount four kinds of finite raising including hyper raising, super raising further raising and copy raising in different languages. Finally we try to determine the position of Persian in crossLINGUISTIC ANALYSIS of raising.

Structural LINGUISTIC ANALYSIS, one of the first approaches of new criticism, studies the text by using data from the science of LINGUISTICs, regardless of any hypertext elements. Such an approach was first used in the analyses of Russian formalists, in particular Jacobsen, and then in the studies of various structuralists. According to structuralists, a literary text is composed of, first and foremost, a set of special LINGUISTIC phenomena that distinguish it from other texts; this distinction can be seen at all structural levels of the text. This article aims to examine the poem "Smoke is Rising" by Sohrab Sepehri, a Persian poet whose poems are a reflection of the elements of the school of Romanticism, by making use of Jacobsen's theories. According to Jacobsen's method, structural elements of the poem are described on three levels: phonetic, lexical, and syntactic. A careful reading on this basis leads us to understand the hidden network of meaning in the poem. In fact, the purpose of this article is to answer questions such as how LINGUISTIC functions in the geometric form of poetry are effective in conveying meanings and how the system of words governing the external structures of the poem contain concepts related to the mood and the main theme of the poem. A study of phonetic, grammatical, and lexical-semantic elements shows that the hidden layers of meaning are closely related to the form of poetry, and play a role in the creation of beauty.